Firms should seek to “get their own house in order” before seeking to manage suppliers Essay

Assignment Title: Firms should seek to â€Å"get their own house in order† before seeking to manage suppliers Purchasing is a vital process of the company, 100% efficiency is required at all times. There must be proper organization and flexibility in this department. People working in this department should constantly evaluate the current purchasing scheme of the company and adapt to changes at all times. Purchasing department or team of a company basically seek to answer these two questions: what we buy and how we buy. The answers to these two questions can change depending to companies size and sector. Indeed, by answering these two questions is the main goal of procurement team or department is to create best value for money and to maximize it. It is possible to maximize best value for money by obtaining surplus value. Surplus value is different from the value. Surplus value locates between cost of production for supplier and value of the product to the buyer. This is called the area zone of agreement. The surplus value which is retained by supplier is called producer surplus and the value which is retained by buyer is called consumer surplus, the procurement team/department aim to maximize consumer surplus. Purchasing process means that demand management. There are two ways to make purchase decision make-buy or outsourcing. Make-buy is required internal management it is related to the organizational buying behavior. Outsourcing is required external management consist of supplier management. The fundamental issue in purchasing process is to provide efficiency in demand management. Efficiency of purchasing process is related for instance a reduction in the number of suppliers used an automation of the purchasing process, the use of framework agreements, and the development of trusting relationship with suppliers. Providing efficiency contribute to get power. Business life means power games. The market is unforgiving for weakness so at first hand, while the firm seeks to establish its own house in order before seeking to manage the suppliers. It will provide efficiency. In order to get successful purchasing process, firm should manage its demand efficiently and firstly firm should be sure to provide this efficiency by establishing â€Å"in its own house in order† in this case firm could get power above its suppliers. Demand management problems in an organization could appear in different ways (Londsdale, SP&SM, Lecturer notes, Week 3) Maverick buying, fragmentation of spend, early specification, over-specification, unnecessary change to specifications, poor demand information, lack of clarity, adverse selection, inappropriate contracting, poor monitoring leading to moral hazard, unnecessary purchase. These problems occur alone or together. Organizational buying behavior involves a multi-person activity and it is true for 90% of organizational buying. This includes a very meticulous process which can even take more than a year to decide and conclude. Today’s organizations are aware of the costs involved in making timely, accurate and efficient decisions; create more value for money. If firms are to succeed in one facet of its global goal to be known in the market, a strong leadership should be in place; guide and make it move in a synchronized manner. Most of whom started small in its own right to be able to manage its own people easily, efficiently and most of all, avoid unaccounted costs. For a firm to manage its buying behavior and create a benchmark, it needs to: recognize a problem, acknowledge a general need, create or come up with product specifications, make an efficient and able supplier search, make a buying step, select a supplier, make an order-routine specification and conduct a post-purchase performance review. Once this process is harnessed over time; the next step to go bigger; to expand. (http://www. smartcompany. com. au/marketing/sales/22378-20111007-marketing-strategies-organisational-buyer-behaviour. html) To further elaborate: Recognize a problem- anticipate and plan for purchase on a routine basis Acknowledge a general need – extensive, objective cost-benefit analysis Create or come up with product specifications – using precise technical description using techniques such as value analysis Make an efficient and able buyer search- extensive search that extends to the search for a supplier Make a buying step – business to business Select a supplier- made after extensive evaluation of objective information Make an order-routine specification-routine calculation of re-order points as well as time and place of delivery Conduct a post-purchase performance review – extensive comparison made and feedback given, concern with quality management at source. All of these elements could still fail with the existence of problems that should be recognized and avoided at first glance namely (Londsdale, SP&SM, Lecturer notes, Week 3) maverick buying, fragmentation of spend, early specification, over-specification, unnecessary change to specifications, poor demand information, lack of clarity, adverse selection, inappropriate contracting, poor monitoring leading to moral hazard, and unnecessary purchase. When fragmentation exceeds its neutral level, means that parts or branches in this situation are unconnected and/or missing and still expected to come up with results the same as what the entire system once did (http://www. ourfurutre. com/real101. htm) the whole is always better in presence as everyone will have a better understanding of each function. It is also good to note that when there is a â€Å"whole Picture† concept. There is a better understanding as to the fluid interaction and dependency of each part resulting to better result of each task at hand. To cope with organizational fragmentation it’s important to understand why fragmentation arise in organization what are conflicts between branches or parts. Fragmentation arises in an organization because of several reasons. First, each department of an organization performs different functions, it follows that these departments have different needs. For instance, engineering department of a company would definitely use different computer from the HR department. These two departments have two different functions through both departments require computers for efficiency but both use special applications, features and specifications of computers to perform well. Legacy method is an old system that firms continue to practice these days. This is the second reason why fragmentation arises in organization. Maybe the system works satisfactory so organization sees no reason in changing it. The cost for changing and redesigning system could be costly both time and money compared to the anticipated appreciable benefits of replacing it to a new one. And lastly, difficulties in consolidating efforts in the organization. Human as we are, we have different opinions and our way of thinking is always different to one another. There are organizational factors that make consolidation efforts difficult. Conflicting preferences within organization arise due to limited rationality. Bounded rationality can also contribute to conflicting preferences for decision makers make decision with limited and often unreliable information. Limited time could and human mind’s limited capacity to evaluate and process information. Powers is exercised within organizations. People in higher position control over resources, rule-making, information and etc. lower ranks needed to comply to show obedience and respect thus result to conflicts. And lastly, each departments employees behave relating to their knowledge for example for manufacture department quality is important, for purchasing department price important. Each department has goals and priorities to fulfill,these can result to conflict as well. Conflicting preferences can be solve through identifying the problem and build organizational alliance to change internal client. Setting a standard and centralize preference within the organization would definitely help resolve this problem. Building alliances would demand purchasing managers to sort out personnel according to their rank. This could help to solve conflicting references in the organization. Furthermore, when fragmentation exceeds its neutral level, two problems that will basically occur in an instant. Inflation of transaction costs which an organization can face to cope with unnecessary suppliers. Organization could lose its leverage over its suppliers and suppliers tend to classify the customers. They tend to work with customers that work closely with their strategic objectives or make a good proportion of their turnover or help to spread their fixed cost but suppliers eliminate customers who don’t provide an attractive account or high volume of business. (Lonsdale and Watson, 2005) In a specific example, Rushmore University Hospital Trust (RUHT) (Lonsdale, SP;SM Lectures, Case Study) RUHT has fragmented throughout its 9 budget centres and each budget centre, clinicians could independently purchase. Fragmentation happens most of the time; each clinician in each budget centre can purchase commodities with the same specifications but under very different terms. For example, x-ray films purchase price could be differentiated 45% between budget centres. Lack of coordination and supplier opportunism cause inefficiency in RUHT. By understanding the characteristics of each budget center’s procurement needs, it could succeed consolidation between budget services. Another conspicuous example is Vodafone (Lonsdale, SP;SM Lectures, Case Study). In 2003, Vodafone Global Supply Chain Management Director, Detlef Schultz realized the internal procurement management problem. For instance, Vodafone has lack of information how it spend and it couldn’t translate its global size to the benefit. Schultz succeeds saving Money by putting together 17 disparate purchasing departments into one supply chain management. He introduced pre-agreed prices for frequently bought items. He provided the use e-auction system creates category management and developed different strategy for each category and it standardized the judgment way of suppliers so all this efforts to establish efficient procurement management result a great savings in Vodafone. Novartis also achieved cost saving by transforming its procurement strategy. Novartis is operating in seven different divisions and each of operating separately with their own CEO and CPO and it realized that 60 per cent of the overall expenditure is homogenous so Novartis achieved its goal like previous examples by leveraging its scale and by implementing global category management. In purchasing, demand management and procurement department capture power, decrease transaction costs, saving money and using companies scale and technology effectively, so by understanding companies own needs and improving information sources, providing coherence benevolently among brunches and departments and implementing appropriate strategies for each categories by this way company get efficiency in internal demand management and could reach its neutral level of fragmentation in purchasing. So by this way, company could share its value with its suppliers and monitor them in terms of even them pursuing companies values so company get leverage over its suppliers. Finally, providing efficiency in order house provide efficiency in the same time in suppliers management.

The English Language and Its Impact on Identities of Multilingual Malaysian Undergraduates

The English Language And Its Impact On Identities Of Multilingual Malaysian Undergraduates By Lee, Su Kim, Lee, King Siong, Wong, Fook Fei and Azizah Ya’acob Lee Su Kim is an associate Professor at the School of Language Studies and Linguistics, UKM. Lee King Siong, a senior lecturer with the School of Language Studies and Linguistics, Wong Fook Fei is a senior lecturer at the School of Language Studies and Linguistics, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.Azizah Yaacob is a lecturer at the School of Language Studies and Linguistics, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Article Summary In this paper, the author explored an investigation in selected private and public universities to find out the impact of english on the identities of young Malaysian undergraduates in selected private and public universities in Malaysia. The author wanted to explore on a larger scale the role of English in the identity c onstruction of a younger Malaysian cohort from both public and private universities.The researcher chose from both public and private universities consists of 20 Malaysian undergraduates, in their early 20's till mid 20's . They were from different races(Malay Chinese, Indian s and Singhalese), different family backgrounds, different learning experiences and different everyday experiences when using english. Out of the 20 undergraduates, seven were Malays, eight were Chinese, four were Indians and one was Singhalese. There were four males and sixteen females. Twelve undergraduates were from public universities and eight were from the private universities. re from different families, races, backgrounds, and experiences were involved in the study. Based on the analysis of the data, it suggests that for a significant number of the respondents, English can quite easily be considered the dominant language in all domains. In most cases, English has empowered its users as it has opened up their world and in some cases has improved their self-esteem, improved their social status, and made them appear more knowledgeable. Critical reflection The organization of the article was easy to understand as it follows step by step.For instance. At the beginning of the paper, the author gave us a brief and simple abstract, it helped us to get the gist of the study. This article falls under the linguistic category of language and identity. Basically, this article discusses about the impact of English on the identities of young Malaysian undergraduates in selected private and public universities in Malaysia. The author focuses on how different multilingual and the impact of english language in constructing their identity and everyday negotiation.The article firstly explained the concept of identity especially in a multilingual society. The author stated that identity construction is an on-going process and is influenced by many factors. In Malaysia context, where its is a multiling ual country, involves the formation of bicultural identities, where the self defined by local meanings and more traditional practices is maintained alongside a self defined by global culture (Arnett, 2002). As such, a learner must not dispute its ‘imposed identity but to preserve its ethnic identity.Next, the author introduces the concept of othering The concept of â€Å"othering† refers to the practice of comparing ourselves to others and at the same time distancing ourselves from them (Palfreyman, 2005) The article is written based on a study done by one of the authors, related to the impact of English on the identities of young Malaysians. This study is conducted based on the three research objectives which are mainly to identify the impact of English language on the identities of youngMalaysians as bilingual and multilingual speakers, to seek the empowerment of english language in globalized world and to address any threats of english language to their cultural iden tities. The article is guided based on these four important research questions: In what ways does English affect the identities of young adults in Malaysia as bilingual/multilingual speakers? 2. How does English empower young Malaysians in this globalized world? 3. Is English viewed as a threat to their cultural identity?In what ways does English affect or marginalize local languages and local identities? The authors state that the study is done a qualitative method. Data was obtained from interviews with from mature undergraduates from the second or final year because the author believe that these students were able to give more mature reflections on the issue. The interviews were semi-structured and Carspecken’s (1996) critical ethnography interviewing techniques were applied. The data were taped ad the collected data were transcribed.The finding of this research proves 3 dominant themes that emerges form the analysis of the case studies, which are Multilingualism with Engl ish emerging as the dominant language, how English is viewed as a pragmatic language and a language of empowerment and the varying degrees of ‘Othering’. For the first dominant themes, half of the respondents reported that they are far more comfortable in using English than any other language in their daily lives. This dominant themes are substantiate with a few reasons. Firstly is he use of english language as the main language at home regardless whether they are Malay, Chinese and Malay.Secondly, most of the respondents have at least a parents who are english educated and they have been using the english language since an early age and their parents have been encourage them to use english when they were young. Thirdly, most of the respondents went to a school where they mixed around with other children from english speaking homes. Lastly, the english-speaking social environment gives them ample opportunities to use english to socialize with their friends who are also english speaking. The second dominant themes the author suggested is english is viewed as a pragmatic language and a language of empowerment.Some of the respondents stated that speaking english is viewed as intellectually superior and more knowledgeable. Some Malay respondents too agree that speaking english elevated their status in the eyes of some people. Speaking english too is seen as an ego-boosting for some of the respondents. When some of the respondents regard speaking english a a mechanism for them that opens up a window to another world and enables them to share differences in world views, another group of respondents feels that english has a modernizing influence and it helps them to develop a sense of confidence in themselves.Additionally, the last dominant themes from the finding is the varying degrees of othering and this depends on ones fluency in the other languages. Some Chinese respondents who are not fluent in english will try to improve themselves in their langua ge to make sure they are accepted and to close any barrier between the mandarin speaking and the English speaking. Others, feels that as compared to Malay-centric, Tamil-centric and Mandarin-centric, there are difference in thinking, attitude and behaviors between the english ones.For instance, the english speaking are more vocal and more optimistic whereas the Mandarin speaking are more cautious. From the findings too, the data suggested that the respondents experienced a mild ways instances of orthering. They are often perceived as trying to show off, proud and others. It appears that the multilingual speakers are the one being orthered by those who do not have the same spoken proficiency in english. Referring to the second research question, the authors would like to identify how english language empowers young Malaysian is the globalized world.From the findings, it is proven that english empowers young Malaysian socially. They use english everyday in their daily lives their self -esteem and how they are perceived in the society are the factors that encourage them to use english in their lives. Although some may perceived them differently, in this globalized world, english is seen as a tool that empowers every aspect in their lives. This article states that English evidently a plays a dominance factor in their identity negotiations. Majority of the respondents admitted english as the dominant language in their daily lives.Though some of the respondents are bilingual or multilingual, english is not use just for communication purposes instead it has become their first language. The respondents to acknowledged that being competent in english give them a positive position socially. They are aware that proficiency in english is valued bot academically and socially. People around them perceived them differently and they receive better respect. As a result the respondents are more confident in perceiving themselves.Not only that, it is found that the respondents be lieved the knowledge of english played a part in making them more â€Å"open-minded† taking on more neutral views towards values that are perceived to be markers of cultural identity. Additionally, some respondents english is a tool that allows them to communicate more directly. In other words the knowledge of english contributed towards a more reflective and critical outlook towards the culture of the respondents. This article also suggests that there are differences in those who are proficient in english and those who are proficient in the ethnic language.Those who are less competent in english are perceived as â€Å"more closed up† and ethnocentric and those who are more proficient in the ethnic language thought them to be â€Å"arrogant†, â€Å"showing off†, and â€Å"mat salleh celup †. these are similar in Lee Su Kim study where both Malay and non Malay respondents who are more proficient in english are perceived as â€Å"boastful † an d â€Å"Westernized† by their peers who are more proficient in the ethnic language. Moreover, there were some similarities between this article and Lee Su Kim (2000 study.However there are some differences especially in the attitude towards english. In this study, the theme that features more prominently is the subjects’ awareness of the pragmatism and social advantage in being well-versed in English, along with the indication that a significant number of subjects amongst the 20 interviewed were found to be multilingual with English featuring as a dominant language. although orthering between english speaking and native speaking are evident, it doesn’t seem to factor as prominently as the resentments that were reported by the subjects in Lee Su Kim’s (2003) study.This may be due to the attitude towards english as english is pertinent international language of the world and they are accepting the language as a relevant too in their lives rather than a seco nd or foreign language. To conclude, the author agrees and found that to some of the respondents, english seem to be a dominant language in all domains. English too has empowered them in improving their self-confident, social status and made them appear more knowledgeable. That is why some respondents may prefer to use english in their daily lives than their own language.Not only that, as english is seen as a prominent language in the world nowadays, thus, this act as a factor for suing english more in their daily lives. Besides that english too does affect their social status in the society. People who use english is regard as someone who are knowledge and some may been intimidated by the english speaking people. In the beginning of the article, the authors mentioned that there is little research on how the use of english affects the identity of Malaysian speakers. it is hoped that i n future, more research will be done in finding the impact of english to the Malaysian society.The authors suggests a similar study on the impact of English on identity could be beneficially carried out in other areas of Malaysia, particularly East Malaysia for its rich and highly unique sociocultural composition. the author also suggests A study on the impact and roles of the English language in other traditionally ‘non-native speaker’ or ‘outer circle’ countries would also prove beneficial in contributing to the body of knowledge towards understanding the implications of the spread of English as the language of the world today.In my point of view, I found that this article is easy to read because the choices of word that the authors use are simple and understandable. Besides that, I think that the discussion of the findings also proven that english has becoming a dominant language in young Malaysian today. I especially like the discussion past as it discusses the findings and relate them to the reality of english in young Malaysian today. Based on what i have read, i found that some of the respondents' experiences re similar to mine. I believe that when using english, it helps to build my self-esteem and confidence socially. I too believe that when using english, I am being perceived differently by other people. Hence, I strongly believe that using english in my daily lives to makes me appear more knowledgeable and people do look highly on me. And because English has become global today, to have a competent knowledge of the language is seen as a useful key for opening many doors.I found that i learned a lot from this article, firstly is that it is such an eye opener for me as how young Malaysian and the society perceived one that is fluent in english. I take it as a motivation for me to improve myself to be better speaker of english and also to be a better language teacher for my students to make sure they too will be able to be a proficient speaker of english. However i believe that no matter how fluent one in english an how imp ortant english is in the society today and to the future society, it should not shape ones identity.

English Language and English Proficiency Levels

Carrie Wertepny Domain 1: Culture (Cross-Cultural Communications) Standard 1: Culture as a Factor in ELLs’ Learning Why are having Domain's and Standards important to teachers? Domains and Standards play a huge part in giving teachers indicators on their children's performances. We as teachers need certain domains and standards on identifying and monitoring the children's performances throughout the classroom. Having standards allows us as teachers to indicate their levels of ability and performances to be met. Their are three levels of standards that can be measured on the children's ability how well they perform.The three types of standards that teachers use are Approaches Standards, Meet Standards and Exceeds Standards. (  2003. by teachers of English speakers of other languages, Inc, TESOL  ) In Culture (Cross-Cultural Communications) the first domain of five. This  is an important factor in ELLs to learn and understand the language knowledge from the diverse backgro unds. The most recent survey says in (2005-2006) the population of ELL's is up approximately  10 percent of the total public school enrolled and increasing every year. (Why TESOL? pg 5-6) Why TESOL?States, â€Å"Providing for the English Language learners is one of the school districts greatest challenges. † Their are many indicators we can use to help us engage in our children's diversity. Some ideas I found interesting to help would be, displaying artifacts from different cultures. Celebrating ethnic holidays throughout the year would be a great way to inform others and help the children feel comfortable. I believe that getting to know your students background and engaging in their life stories will help us succeed and be effective in their learning for ELL's and  their diverse background.Performance Indicators 1. 1. a. Understand and apply knowledge about cultural values and beliefs in the context of teaching and learning of ELLs, from diverse backgrounds and at varyin g English proficiency levels. 1. 1. b. Understand and apply knowledge of concepts of cultural competence, particularly knowledge about how cultural identities affect learning and academic progress for students from diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. 1. 1. c. Use a range of resources in learning about the cultural experiences of ELLs and their families to guide curriculum development and instruction. . 1. d. Understand and apply knowledge about the effects of racism, stereotyping, and discrimination in teaching and learning of ELLs from diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. 1. 1. e. Understand and apply knowledge about home/school connections to build partnerships with ELLs’ families (e. g. , Parent Leadership Councils (PLC)). 1. 1. f. Understand and apply knowledge about concepts related to the interrelationship between language and culture for students from diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels.Cour se| Indicator(s)| How I learned about this Standard| Evidence that I learned about this standard| TSL 4080| 1. 1| Why Tesol? Chapters 1-4| Victor video, You tube| TSL 4081| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Domain 3: Methods of Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) Standard 1: ESL/ESOL Research and History Teachers will demonstrate knowledge of history, public policy, research and current practices in the field of ESL/ESOL teaching and apply this knowledge to improve teaching and learning for ELLs. See attached paper) Performance Indicators 3. 1. a. Demonstrate knowledge of L2 teaching methods in their historical context. 3. 1. b. Demonstrate awareness of current research relevant to best practices in second language and literacy instruction. 3. 1. c. Demonstrate knowledge of the evolution of laws and policy in the ESL profession, including program models for ELL instruction. Course| Indicator(s)| How I learned about this Standard| Evidence that I learned about this sta ndard| TSL 4080| 3. 1| Why Tesol? School research paper and Reserch| TSL 4081| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hyperlinks to (attached documents must be saved in the Portfolio folder) Attachment(s): School research paper URL(s): Summary: See attached paper, for Domains 1,3,5 Domain 5: Assessment (ESOL Testing and Evaluation) Standard 1: Assessment Issues for ELLS Teachers will understand and apply knowledge of assessment issues as they affect the learning of ELLs from diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels.Examples include cultural and linguistic bias; testing in two languages; sociopolitical and psychological factors; special education testing and assessing giftedness; the importance of standards; the difference between formative and summative assessment; and the difference between language proficiency and other types of assessment (e. g. , standardized achievement tests). Teachers will also understand issues around accountability. This includes the implication s of standardized assessment as opposed to performance-based assessments, and issues of accommodations in formal testing situations.As teachers it is very important to understand and beware of the different testing and assessing the students. Testing and assessment are two very different things. Mitchell (1992) states that a test is a â€Å"single-occasion, one-dimensional, and timed exercise, usually in multiple choice or short-answer form. † (Why Tesol, pp 201)   Tests are given in the same time frame and the conditions never change. They call these standardized tests. Not all standardized tests work for everyone, especially English Language Learners (Ell)s . An assessment on a student is a done on a wider range of a scale.We as teachers need to get a more oral assessment on the knowledge, background, history, language where the (ELL)s came from. Upon entering a new school for the first time, us as teachers need to know everything about our student’s background and language. We ask every parent or guardian to fill out an Home Language Survey (HLS) which in tails about 3-5 questions about their language used at home. This (HLS) will give us an indication how much school the student has had and a background about their family as well as their native language.It is up to administrators to make sure the students are placed correctly and teachers to watch and document their language growth throughout the year. As for the testing and assessing, formal and informal are a type of assessment that is brought in to teach ESL students. It is important to test them on their linguistic skills, which include, phonology, morphology, syntax, and vocabulary. These are just language assessments instruments that are used to determine the results on what is being taught by teachers. Formal measures are based on standardized test.They are very structured, timed and trained to be given and administered by very strict rules. It is sometimes very hard for and (ELL)s to take a formal test due to their reading,writing capabilities. As for informal measures, they are a little more hands on learning. As teachers we can do activities and determine students strengths orally and visually. Their is no set time and can be given in various languages not just English. It is very important the student is assessed correctly for the correct placement in his/her program.It is also very important to understand the federal laws that coincide with the equal educational opportunities for all students regardless of national origin, ethnicity,or languages. (Why TESOL? , 2010)   The consent decree was a law that was passed that consists of six different principals to be met in each section. Each (ELL)s student has to be assessed in six steps which include: identification, appropriate and categorical programming (LEP), personnel, monitoring and outcome measures. (Why TESOl? pp 210) After the (ELL)s are measured they now are placed in a certain level.Levels such as (A1- E) each of these levels indicate what (ESOL) service or basic program they will be placed into. Making sure the proper assessments are given before, during and after school is very crucial to ones learning. The very initial start of school is the most important evaluation and steps that need to be taken to follow the correct standards and laws for the English Language Learner. Performance Indicators 5. 1. a. Demonstrate an understanding of the purposes of assessment as they relate to ELLs of diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. 5. 1. b.Identify a variety of assessment procedures appropriate for ELLs of diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. 5. 1. c. Demonstrate an understanding of appropriate and valid language and literacy assessments for ELLs of diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. 5. 1. d. Demonstrate understanding of the advantages and limitations of assessments, including the array of accommodation s allowed for ELLs of diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. 5. 1. e. Distinguish among ELLs’ language differences, giftedness, and special education needs.Course| Indicator(s)| How I learned about this Standard| Evidence that I learned about this standard| TSL 4080| 5. 1| Why Tesol? Chapters 22-26| Power point/ You tube| TSL 4081| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Standard 2: Language Proficiency Assessment: Teachers will appropriately uses and interpret a variety of language proficiency assessment instruments to meet district, state, and federal guidelines, and to inform their instruction. Teachers will understand their uses for identification, placement, and demonstration of language growth of ELLs from diverse ackgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. Teachers will articulate the appropriateness of ELL assessments to stakeholders. Factors influencing the assessment of English Language Learners are very important to understand. Language fact ors and guidelines consist of: * Different linguistic backgrounds- * Varying levels of proficiency in English * Varying levels of proficiency in native language Educational Background Factors: * Varying degrees of formal schooling in native Language Cultural factors can also be a great source that adds complexity of appropriate assessing and (ELL)s student.T To plan the assessment, polls are taken by the general student population, which includes English Language Learners. Test taking is a way to getting a clear and valid interpretation of the students ability. Testing is done for all major purposes. They can be used to evaluate readiness for advancement, or for remediation. It is very important according to the laws that modifications must be made for ESOL students, based on the level and language skills of comprehension. It is very crucial that teachers don’t wait until the â€Å"know enough† to instruct the, in school content. Educational Testing Service, 2009, ETS, the ETS logo) It so happens that in many states, ESOL students who have been in the ESOL program for less than two years might be exempted from taking other testing. It is very important that the ESOL committee and school districts of that state evaluate all testing for ELL learners. (Why TESOL? p. 223-225) Domain 5: Assessment (ESOL Testing and Evaluation) Standard 2: Language Proficiency Assessment Teachers will appropriately use and interpret a variety of language proficiency assessment instruments to meet district, state, and federal guidelines, and to inform their instruction.Teachers will understand their uses for identification, placement, and demonstration of language growth of ELLs from diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. Teachers will articulate the appropriateness of ELL assessments to stakeholders. Performance Indicators 5. 2. a. Understand and implement district, state, and federal requirements for identification, reclassification, and exit o f ELLs from language support programs, including requirements of the LULAC Consent Decree. 5. 2. b. Identify and use a variety of assessment procedures for ELLs of diverse backgrounds and varying English proficiency levels. . 2. c. Use multiple sources of information to assess ELLs’ language and literacy skills and communicative competence. Course| Indicator(s)| How I learned about this Standard| Evidence that I learned about this standard| TSL 4080| 5. 2a5. 3b| Why TEOL? Chap 25| Online E-Learning Journel| TSL 4081| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Standard 3: Classroom-Based Assessment for ELLS Teachers will identify, develop, and use a variety of standards- and performance-based, formative and summative assessment tools and techniques to inform instruction and assess student learning.Teachers will understand their uses for identification, placement, and demonstration of language growth of ELLs from diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. Teachers will a rticulate the appropriateness of ELL assessments to stakeholders Colorin Colorado (2007) states â€Å"Informal assessments (also called authentic or alternative) allow teachers to track the ongoing progress of their students regularly and often. While standardized tests measure students at a particular point in the year, ongoing assessments provide continual snapshots of where students are throughout the school year.By using informal assessments, teachers can target students' specific problem areas, adapt instruction, and intervene earlier rather than later. † Adapted from: Eastern Stream Center on Resources and Training (ESCORT). (2003). Help! They don't speak English. Starter Kit for Primary Teachers. Oneonta, NY: State University College. It is important to identify and develop certain assessments in a classroom. We as teachers can use performance based assessments by evaluating the language proficiency and schooling through oral reports, speeches, demonstrations, written work and personal portfolios.Here some examples of assessment activities that are geared up for ELL students, for their English speaking proficiency. * Reading buddies * Story telling * Role playing * Visual prompts with writing * Oral note taking * Telling a story with picture books * Playing fun games * Brainstorming with buddies These are some of hundreds of ideas for teachers to develop assessments with different techniques and tools. Teachers can track their growth an ability for placement for the student. Domain 5: Assessment (ESOL Testing and Evaluation)Standard 3: Classroom-Based Assessment for ELLs Teachers will identify, develop, and use a variety of standards- and performance-based, formative and summative assessment tools and techniques to inform instruction and assess student learning. Teachers will understand their uses for identification, placement, and demonstration of language growth of ELLs from diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. Teacher s will articulate the appropriateness of ELL assessments to stakeholders.Performance Indicators 5. 3. a. Use performance-based assessment tools and tasks that measure ELLs’ progress in English language and literacy development. 5. 3. b. Understand and use criterion-referenced assessments appropriately with ELLs from diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. 5. 3. c. Use various tools and techniques to assess content-area learning (e. g. , math, science, social studies) for ELLs at varying levels of English language and literacy development. 5. 3. d.Prepare ELLs to use self- and peer-assessment techniques, when appropriate. 5. 3. e. Assist ELLs in developing necessary test-taking skills. 5. 3. f. Assess ELLs’ language and literacy development in classroom settings using a variety of authentic assessments, e. g. , portfolios, checklists, and rubrics. Course| Indicator(s)| How I learned about this Standard| Evidence that I learned about this standard| TSL 4080| 5. 3a,5. 3c5. 3d| Why TESOL? | http://www. colorincolorado. org/educators/assessment/informal/| TSL 4081| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Land Economics and Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Land Economics and Planning - Essay Example Firms complete a great deal of market analysis before searching for a suitable location. In addition, firms compile detailed information regarding the cost of product. They know whether electricity cost is more important then freight cost or labor price. Prepared with a list of "must haves" based on this information, the firm's site consultant or representative begins the quest for the firm's ideal location. You can be assured that, like the shopper looking for a pair of shoes, individuals seeking a site for their firms are not about to change the selection criteria because they had a great dinner at your local restaurant. That is why developing a site is so competitive and requires a great deal of preparation by community leaders. It didn't work for our shoe clerk to offer to dye the shoes the right color, and it won't work for a community when it offers to change the terrain of its local industrial site. Instead, a community needs to spend time long before that first visit by a fir m's site-selection team seeking answers to the details regarding the site the community wishes to promote. The more a community considers site-selection criteria before it selects or develops a particular site for promotion, the lower the likelihood becomes that local leaders will need to explain why they spent so many public dollars on a site that is drawing no interest. Most communities in the UK can claim to have sites available for business development. Under closer inspection, these sites are usually either undeveloped open spaces (often agricultural lands) at the edge of the community or former industrial lands within the community. Both of these share a common problem: Businesses cannot occupy them without substantial infrastructure improvements.Sites that have been previously used for industry or other activities are called brownfield sites. Most are in central city areas and are often surrounded by mixed land uses such as residential, commercial, or public (schools and hospitals, for example). Usually brownfield sites were occupied by industrial complexes. Since older industries used multistory facilities, these sites are often on small parcels of land. Modern factories are laid out horizontally (using one story) to facilitate assembly lines and flow of products. Older sites carry the risk of environmental contamination, especially since the y were most likely operated during a period of less stringent environmental regulations. Environmental contamination can be costly to clean up. Finally, older sites may still contain the buildings or other structures from the previous land use. These will either need to be demolished or refurbished (this often includes such actions as bringing the structure up to current fire, building and disability codes as well as other standards). To minimize their costs and risks, businesses will usually locate on sites that require minimum investments in infrastructure and other improvements. This usually eliminates the unprepared sites. Hence, communities that want to have successful business sites must have developed a plan for creating a prepared site. Site development is utilized to create marketable, prepared business sites. 1.1 Requirements for a Prepared Site It is important to realize that for a site to be effective, it must satisfy the needs of a particular business. The site is constructed to improve the quality of life of a community, but it still must be a viable site to attract business. As we stressed above, a

A critique of Gustav Klimts Death and Life Painting Personal Statement

A critique of Gustav Klimts Death and Life Painting - Personal Statement Example Art has always been about more than just an artist, tools and a canvas.It is an expression of emotion, imagination and factors pulled from life as well as the unreal.Art not only affects the artist, but the audience too who interpret the expression in his or her own way. A single message, or multiple messages for that matter strikes a statement in the mind of receiver, thus creating a fundamentally vital connection. Without it, the art would fail to be appreciated and digested in the manner it is intended. Gustav Klimt’s â€Å"Death and Life† contains many specific elements and principles that the audience is anticipated to understand in order to relate to the piece. Gustav Klimt (1862-1918) began his education in art in 1976 under Ferdinand Laufberger at the Vienna school for Applied Arts (Gustav, par. 1). He won awards for his ceiling paintings for venues such as Sturny’s palace, the city theatre and a spa and hotel (Gustav, par. 1). He becomes president of the Vienna Secession group until 1905, and is well known for his â€Å"sensualist artificial religion† (Gustav, par. 2). When he dies in 1918, Gustav is revered as an important representation of Wiener Jucendstil (Gustav, par. 2). Art appreciation is defined as the ability to view art, or look at works and form your own opinion (Art Appreciation). This definition stands as a reminder that not all art should or will be liked by everyone. Viewing artwork can be a sensuous experience, which entails affecting all five senses, but that does not always happen because a person may not enjoy a piece they encounter. What is important is that the person viewing the work acknowledges their ability to like or dislike it, but appreciates the message that is presented. Klimt’s â€Å"Death and Life† painting is visually split down the center by a mixture of green, blue and black color. The left side displays a skull with expression. It faces the figures on the opposing side, clut ching a brown club, or bat in its hands. The appearance of its face is sinister; teeth bared, eyes narrowed. Beneath its head and hands is a shapeless expanse filled with symbols of the cross, and peace signs. The absent space around the crosses are colored in an array of purple, green, blue, pink, white, and grey while the crosses themselves are solid black. The right half of the painting is an illustration of multiple different people immersed in a colorfully patterned blanket, or quilt. There are several women of various ages. A young girl and young woman embrace a baby boy behind an elderly woman who has her head bowed. She hovers over a large man doubled over a woman, and both of their visages are hidden from view. To the left of them, partly exposed from beneath the quilt, is a toddler. Above him a woman lies with her eyes open. She is the only one out of the group who is actively looking out as if she can see the person viewing the painting. The two parts represent life and d eath with a distinctive, wide voice separating the components. The elements of design come in a range of options that can be applied to artwork. This includes, but is not limited to: line, shape, direction, size, texture, color, and value (Art Elements). In relation to Klimt’s painting, every element can be validated to its structure and content. The linear marks, created by a brush, are shared by two figures. For instance, the bodies of the figures on the â€Å"life† side are married to the same line that portrays the side of the quilt. In one aspect, it’s the edge of the quilt; in another it is the curve of a woman’s hip. The separation can be seen by the distinctly different colors, which is another design element. Color plays a discrete role in setting boundaries, moods and texture in a piece of artwork. Even the value of art, i.e. lightness and darkness, help express meaning (Art Elements). The value of color on Death’s cloak, or figure, is si gnificantly darker than that on the side of life to display

Theories on Mental Health and Illness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theories on Mental Health and Illness - Essay Example Further, incorporates psychological meaning of events, feelings and behaviors in nursing interventions (Evans, 2008). Travelbee- Human-to-Human Relationship model emphasizing purpose of nursing through establishment of nurse-patient relationship; must assist the patient, family or community to cope with sufferings (Evans, 2008). These ideologies pave the way for considerate and indulgent nursing practice. These theories have given a now outlook to the nursing practice, enabling the development of congenial nurse-patient relationship. This give an impact on the psychology of the patient and helps the patient to confide on nurse, building a confidence and trust in nurse's practice. This trust in turn helps in sooner recovery of patients from the ailments. Psychological theories play crucial role in the personality judgment through human behavior, supporting psychotherapeutic interventions for mental illness.

Case Study - Business Communication Experience

- Business Communication Experience - Case Study Example In contrast, the two-way management communication system encourages employees to put their maximum potential and avoid under-performance; this approach develops a sense of ownership in employees. In the following parts of the paper, first both management communication systems of two managers have been discussed. It is followed by the segment mentioning more effective manager. After the parts of impact on the communication systems and implications of both approaches, a conclusion has been provided. Management Communication Systems of Two Managers Both managers use different approaches for communication purposes. While working in Unisys Corporation as a Controller in Accounting, I observed that the manager was using the one way management communication approach. It is a form of communication in which a person sends a message to another person without expecting any question, feedback or interaction to follow (Nelson and Quick, 2013, p. 283). In this approach, he did not require my or an y other employee’s feedback. In this approach, it is assumed that managers develop an opinion that his or her message would be adequate and clear to the receptors; they consider that by using a precise and clear language, the decision will be accordingly understood and complied by the receptors. However, my experience in this organization convinces me that this management communication strategy remains considerably less effective and defective as the managers do not take into account the required feedback of their sub-ordinates and other employees and this creates a gap, which leaves unfavourable and less constructive effects on the organizational communication, goals and objectives. In contrast to the above mentioned managerial communication approach, the manager at Maverick Real Estate employs feedback communication approach, known as the circuit communication, which requires that feedback is highly essential for entertaining the objective of effective managerial communicat ion strategy. It is also known as a two-way communication occurs when the receiver extends feedback to the sender (Miller and Braswell, 2011, p.16). Additionally, this approach begins with the presupposition that the manager must know and understand problems that employees are encountering in fulfilling the tasks assigned and their views and opinions relating to their official duties and responsibilities. In addition to that, the manager behaviour remained professional and competent. I did not feel much hesitation and the presence of professional managerial behaviour enabled me to come into contact with the manager and discuss matters relevant to my job description. This scenario was totally absent in the above mentioned previous employment where I remained less comfortable and more fearful due to the less accommodating behaviour shown by the manager at Unisys Corporation. While working as a broker in the Maverick Real Estate, the manager used the intranet for the purpose of effecti ve and prompt communication between and among the staff members. More Effective Manager The manager at the Maverick Real Estate remains more effective in comparison with the manager at the Unisys Corporation. First, the behaviour of the manager created a congenial and employee friendly workplace environment. In which, every employee considers himself or herself to be an important part of the organization. It motivates and increases the level of confidence. With this

The purpose and the nature of creative writing Essay

The purpose and the nature of creative writing - Essay Example It also requires critical and analytic style of writing, and the student's ability to express his or her independent opinion. When dealing with students between 14 and 19 years of age, the issues required to be kept in mind are the maturity level of the students, their stage of life when emotions tend to be volatile (REFERENCE You could talk about storm and stress - G Stanley Hall from the books - Adolescence (1904) and Aspects of Child Life and Education (1921).) , the need for the teacher to enjoy the respect and confidence of the students, and last, but not the least, for the teacher to be highly disciplined and expect discipline from the students. Adolescence is a difficult period to expect a rule-of-the-thumb discipline. This is a nascent and natural period of a young person's life when he or she is on the threshold of manhood or womanhood. The physical and psychological metamorphosis differs in each young adult, and it is not possible to expect a uniform pattern of grown process. One young person may not show any sign of change and move to attain the full state of manhood or womanhood in quietness and confidence. ... Essay Writing Essay writing is an exposition on a topic. It is a special discipline to introduce the student to serious writing. What is needed is an outline, information related to the topic, sound vocabulary and grammar to communicate the information, and the ability to round off the essay with a conclusion. To begin, allow the students to write an essay on "How to write an essay," after having given them all the information necessary on the topic. Do not expect miracles. None of the student is going to complete the essay to the teacher's satisfaction. If he or she has, in all probability, the essay has been copied! Getting students to put together the essay with the help of sentences and paragraphs invariably leads to information gathering, practice, discipline, and time consciousness. It also involves bouts of frustration and desperate measures in the form of cancellations and tearing of pages. These are normal. Learning models The best way to begin is to teach the fundamentals followed by some more time of questions and answers to make sure the students have got a good grasp of how to write an essay. Students with good potential normally perform well after the first few practice sessions. However, the skill levels of the average students tend to vary, sometimes widely. (John Shaw, 16.1.2008) DATE). A student may be brilliant in science and mathematics. However, literature and language may be his Achilles heel. This kind of problem is addressed by analyzing and dealing with the student's level of "emotional intelligence." Make a little probe into their personality and check for "cobwebs" or negative feelings. (Teaching Expertise16.1.20080 ). This paragraph is very good (THANK YOU!) Learning models for 14-19 year olds The best way to get good

U.S. vs. Japan Economies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

U.S. vs. Japan Economies - Assignment Example Unemployment in Japan surpasses that of United States, meaning that Japan does not match U.S.A in employing labor resources in her labor market. The labor market is fundamental in triggering economic growth through employment opportunities (Katzner, 2008). In this respect, both Japan and the United States utilize their relative human resources differently. On the same note, the human resources in Japan are subject to government control, while in the United States these resources function based on demand and supply forces. Investment resources constitute another critical aspect that these two countries differ in their pursuit for economic growth. Major players in the U.S economy are private stakeholders. On the same note, both the public and private sectors coexist and complement each other in inducing economic growth (Katzner, 2008). In Japan, the government plays the primary role in mobilizing investment resources. Although the country has both private and public sectors, the private sector is relatively dominated by the public sector. In a nutshell, differences between the types of resources used by Japan and U.S.A to grow their economies are based on the source of mobilization and the positioning of human resources and the labor market in their relative

A report on impact of Crime and Deviance on a Sustainable Business Coursework

A report on impact of Crime and Deviance on a Sustainable Business Practices and draw a crime prevention strategy for your busin - Coursework Example 7 5.0 Results interpretation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ... 8 6.0 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 8 7.0 Security Strategy For Preventing IE Crime/Deviance †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Abstract Just as ecological economics and green chemistry, industrial ecology is a recent field of research. It deliberately crossed to two distinct disciplines: substance and name. As a result, there has been several issues for industries including field content and difficult to crack questions regarding boundaries. The issues are challenging for the business practicing sustainable practice as industrial ecology. The study provides an overview of IE and offers the strategies for solving the deviance/crimes affecting the practice. 1. Introduction Economic policies and structu res create a context for the throughput, which describes the business operations responsible for delivering throughput activities as pertaining the production of services and goods. In the entire world, businesses undergo challenging times in the process of developing humanity since people have come to the realization that the current living style is never sustainable (Baas & Powell, 2005, 191). The situation can only change when the same businesses and individuals make immediate changes in relation to safeguarding the life of the current and future generations. As the businesses administer the right measures for saving the society, it finds itself in myriad of concepts and term for expressing the numerous array of approaches, priorities and prospects of addressing the critical issue (Allenby & Graedel, 2010, 110). The discussion focuses on the impacts of crime and deviance on industrial ecology as a major sustainable business practice. In addition, the report outlines a crime preve ntion strategy that the business should take to prevent its ecology practices. Environmental sustainability for the industry requires the provision and design of services and products that promote and incorporate: effective, efficient re-use and use of resources, and waste minimization. The increase of trade and drastic industrialization impacts the business environment in terms of the faster consumption of natural resources than the level by which people restore them; expanding a country’s economic growth; pollutants and waste release which is faster that the extent of the earth to absorb them (Allenby & Graedel, 2010, 110). As a result, there is an increasing conflict of the ecological systems and industrial activities. Increasing world concerns relating to the plethora of social and environmental problems about the working in equity, safety, health and circumstances have recently fostered all the sustainability approaches suitable for industries. Legislations, high quality products/services demand from clients, open market, rapid industrialization and the increased competitiveness between industries globally and locally have introduced a high demand not only for the product’s structured design, but also in the innovation process in the industry (Sadler, 2002, 54). On this note, there is an immediate need for the industries, especially in the production business, to develop several approaches

Budget 1. Describe the budget process apply appropriate budgeting Essay

Budget 1. Describe the budget process apply appropriate budgeting techniques and explain its significance in the business environment - Essay Example In any organization, budgets are a representation of the future revenues and costs. The main characteristic of budgets is that they are prepared in advance and are derived from long term strategy of a company. The budgets relate to the goals and objectives of the organization and express in quantitative form, the monetary and physical units of activities. The main activities in companies include control and planning, and budgets are the centre of these activities. Budgets are crucial control systems that show estimates of expenses and revenues of a company over a certain period of time. Budgets are usually compiled and evaluated after certain periods. There can be a surplus budget when the company anticipates to get a profit, it can be balanced when the company expects the expenses to equal the revenues, or it can be deficit budgets when the expenses are expected to exceed the revenues. Budgets are usually prepared in companies based on their goals. The process of planning budgets involves preparing detailed, short-term plans for the organizations. Budgets are prepared by starting with an overall budget for the whole organization, which can then be broken down into smaller budget based on departments. The planning process involves consultations with the whole organization in order for the objectives of the company are achieved. The process of developing a master budget starts by preparing the sales budget. This is because the sales budget acts as the limiting factor in this company. This budget also affects other components of the master budget directly or indirectly. This budget shows the sales expected over a period of time. It is simply a product of the expected units of sales and the expected price per unit. This budget needs to be prepared carefully because other components of the master plan rely on it; otherwise the master budget will be ineffective for control and planning purposes. Once the sales budget has been done,

Juvenile Statistics Paper Essay Example for Free

Juvenile Statistics Paper Essay Crimes are committed by juvenile offenders every day and to gain a better understanding as to why they commit such crimes the trends have to be evaluated. The following statistics are findings made in 2008. These findings will give a clear understanding of the overall decrease in juvenile arrests made, touch base on the increase in drug offenses and simple assaults, provide implications for juvenile females and members of ethnic and racial minorities, examine the increase in arrests of juvenile females and the decrease in arrests of male juvenile offenders for violent crimes, and assess the tracking of juveniles arrests as a method of measuring the amount of and trends in juvenile crime. In 2008, there were about 2.11 million juveniles arrested. Overall, there were three percent fewer juvenile arrests in 2008 than in 2007 and violent crime arrests fell two percent. These findings are made by local law enforcement agencies throughout the country who report to the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR). From 1990-1997 the juvenile arrest rate for drug abuse violations increased 145%. The rate declined 28% from 1997-2008 but the 2008 rate was 78% more than the 1990 rate. From 1980-1997 the juvenile arrest rate for simple assault increased 156%. This number declined a small amount in 2002 and raised a small amount through 2006. Following the decline over those two years, the 2008 arrest rate for simple assault was greater than the 1980 rate for most racial groups. In 2008, females accounted for 30% of juvenile arrests. There were a total of 629,800 females under the age of 18 who were arrested in 2008. Racial composition of the U.S. juvenile population ages 10-17 in 2008 was 78% white, 16% black, 5% Asian/Pacific Islander and 1% American Indian with Hispanics being included in the white racial category. Of all juvenile arrests for violent crimes in 2008, 47% were white/Hispanic, 52% were black, and 1% Asian and 1% were American Indian. Juvenile female arrests increased for simple assault, larceny theft, and DUI while male arrests decreased. â€Å"From the mid-1980s to the peak in 1993, the juvenile arrest rate for murder more than doubled. Then, the juvenile arrest rate for murder declined through the mid-2005, reaching a level in 2004 that was 77% less than the 1993 peak. The growth in the juvenile murder arrest rate that began in 2004 was interrupted in 2008 as the rate fell 6% over the past year, resting at a level that was 74% below its 1993 peak.† (Puzzanchera, Charles. 2009. Juvenile Arrests 2008.) Juveniles have certain protections under the law but the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) allows us to keep track of what crimes, known to the police, and arrests made during the reporting calendar year. Based on the information provided by the UCR, the FBI prepares its annual Crime in the United States statistical compilation. This information is used to provide details on the extent and nature of juvenile crimes and if there are any trends being made. Some of the findings from the UCR Program is that â€Å"juveniles accounted for 16% of all violent crime arrests and 26% of all property crime arrests in 2008.† Another interesting finding by the UCR is that â€Å"between 1999 and 2008, juvenile arrests for aggravated assault decreased more for males than for females (22% vs. 17%). During this period, juvenile male arrests for simple assault declined 6% and female arrests increased 12%†. The UCR also found that â€Å"the juvenile murder arrest rate in 2008 was 3.8 arrests per 100,000 juveniles ages 10 through 17. This was 17% more than the 2004 low of 3.3, but 74% less than the 1993 peak of 14.4. In 2008, 11% (1,740) of all murder victims were younger than age 18. More than one-third (38%) of all juvenile murder victims were younger than age 5, but this proportion varied widely across demographic groups.† (Puzzanchera, Charles. 2009. Juvenile Arrests 2008.) The conclusion is simple, the overall juvenile arrests made for violent crimes only fell two percent than the year before and more juvenile females are committing more violent crimes. All of the statistics that were discussed have been analyzed and examined. Criminal Justice and Juvenile Justice Professionals should be able to identify and organize these statistics to structure a preventative system within a community to deter such delinquent acts. The UCR reports and findings allow Americans to understand the crime trends within the juvenile justice system. References (Puzzanchera, Charles. 2009. Juvenile Arrests 2008.)

Local Agenda 21 Guidelines

Local Agenda 21 Guidelines The concept of Local Agenda 21 was first introduced in 1987 at a meeting of world leaders in Norway. During that meeting the participants agreed that the planet has to adopt policies of sustainable development in order to move forward. Officially the Local Agenda 21 was then introduced at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, organised by the United Nations where more than 100 countries and representatives of more than 10000 organizations agreed to work out local agendas for sustainable living. Each country represented was then advised to develop a LA21 plan with the agenda set by the community itself rather than by the central government. Since 1992, more than 6,400 municipalities in 113 countries have been working to accelerate the transition to sustainable, equitable and secure communities. In European Union thousands of Local Authorities have a Local Agenda 21 plan although in countries like Greece for example this initiative is not always under the name of Agenda 21. In the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002 there was a review of the progress made in Local Agenda 21. The participants were pleased of the progress made but also pointed out new opportunities to adopt concrete steps and identify quantifiable targets for better implementing Agenda 21 as the best strategies are only as good as their implementation. The major results and announcements from the Johannesburg Summit regarding Local Agenda 21 and Energy were: Increasing energy accessibility Although energy services have been extended to new groups of consumers, there is still a significant number of residents in rural and remote areas still lack access to sufficient energy resources. Changing production and consumption patterns In a lot of countries there was an introduction of policies and programs for encouraging energy conservation and efficiency in various sectors. This had as a result to: Reduce the growth rate of energy consumption. Improve the efficiency of electric power plants, but also the distribution efficiencies and electricity transmission; Support for the preparation of energy audits, The creation of specialized national bodies of expertise in the energy area; and Dissemination for raising public awareness for energy savings and sustainable development. Promotion of renewable sources of energy progress has been achieved in promoting the use of renewable energy technologies. Introduction of cleaner fuels and technologies the last few decades there was a significant increase in the use of natural gas. There was also commercialisation of some new renewable energy. The use of combined-cycle electricity generation systems has also become more common in industries and the electric power sector. Energy and transport There was a great deal of new policies which have been applied throughout the developed and developing countries. For example in European Union there was a band on leaded gasoline. In developing countries like Egypt for example, there was an incentive program in Cairo that supported a switch to natural gas vehicles; The outcome of this initiative was to increase substantial the number of vehicles using natural gas and today there are more than 27000 such vehicles are already in use. Pilot projects to use fuel cells for buses are also under consideration in some parts of the region. Promotion of regional cooperation the 1990s witnessed noticeable progress in regional cooperation in the energy sector. This is manifest by the realisation of a regional electricity grid interconnection between countries in the European Union. Also, as European Union expanded to the East there are now even more opportunities for further cooperation between the old EU countries with the new comers. Finally and perhaps the most important announcement was the launch of Local Action 21 Local Action 21 builds upon the worldwide successes of Local Agenda 21 since Rio. Local Action 21 fills in Agenda 21 in regards the implementation of Agenda 21, it represents a move from Agenda to Action, from plan to practice. Energy In Agenda 21 Energy is a key issue on Agenda 21 as it recognises its importance for human productivity and development. As such, energy receives significant coverage within most of the chapters of Agenda 21. It addresses the importance and the relationship of energy use and sustainable development. In particular explains the importance of energy supply, demand, and suggests ways for the transition from unsustainable to sustainable approaches to energy management. For example in Chapter 4 it states the importance of changing consumption patterns and it gives suggestions of how economies can reduce the use of energy and harmful materials without compromising their growth. This can be achieved by greater efficiency in the use of energy and resources by choosing the right technology and resources to produce goods and services which otherwise would have required significant amounts of energy. Governments should cooperate by giving initiatives to industry to use energy and resources efficiently and with special attention to the environment. In chapter 6 Agenda 21 points out how badly the environment has been damaged as a result of past and present developments in consumption and production patterns and lifestyles in energy production and use of people in developed and developing world, but also because of industrys bad practices. This has as a result hundreds of millions of people to suffer of pollution related conditions. Therefore, in chapter 6 it is suggested to establish environmental health impact assessment procedures for the planning and development of new industries and energy facilities as well as promote the introduction of environmentally sound technologies within the industry and energy sectors. In chapter 7 of the Local Agenda 21 is clearly recognized that the promotion of sustainable energy and transportation is one of the best ways of achieving sustainability. It urges to increase the efforts of energy saving and promote renewable energy techniques and technologies. It calls to use energy efficient building materials and use an integrated approach to buildings as needed. This is important as the building sector today is one of the major user of energy and any energy saving made on this sector will contribute significantly to the reduction of energy use. Chapter 9 recognizes that the protection of the atmosphere is an essential element of sustainable development and as such energy generated air pollution should be reduced. Therefore, all the different energy sources should be used in ways that respect the atmosphere as well as the human health and the environment as a whole. To achieve this, cooperation between different partners is important in order to identify and develop economically viable and environmentally friendly energy sources for meeting the increasing energy needs (in particular for the developing countries). The above shows that energy development, efficiency and consumptions are one of the main issues of Agenda 21. Energy is well understood that is essential to both social improvement and economic development and contributes to better quality of life. In the last few decades has been realised that much of the worlds energy, is produced and consumed in ways that could not be sustained if technology were to remain constant and if overall quantities were to increase substantially. According to recent scientific findings the need to control atmospheric emissions of greenhouse and other gases and substances, will increasingly need to be based on the efficient use of energy (in terms of production, transmission, distribution and consumption), and on growing reliance on environmentally sound energy systems, such as new and renewable sources of energy. This means that all energy sources will need to be used in ways that respect the atmosphere, human health and the environment as a whole. At the moment there are significant constraints to increasing the environmentally sound energy supplies in developing world such as the world economic crisis. Agenda 21 Guidelines In order to overcome any barriers and help countries and people adopt to Local Agenda commitments, Agenda 21 sets up guidelines for activities that governments at the appropriate level, with the cooperation of the relevant United Nations bodies and, as appropriate, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, and the private sector, should follow. These are: Environmentally sound energy sources Cooperate in identifying and developing environmentally sound energy sources and economically viable to support the availability of increased energy supplies to promote sustainable development efforts, specially in developing countries; Environmental Impact assessments Promote the development at the national level of appropriate methodologies for making integrated energy, economic and environment policy decisions for sustainable development, through environmental impact assessments; Modernisation of old power stations Promote the research, development, transfer and use of superior energy-efficient practices and technologies, including endogenous technologies in all relevant sectors, giving special attention to the modernization and rehabilitation of power systems; Promotion of renewable energy technology Overcome any barriers found in the way of the development of renewable energy technology to promote the research, development, transfer and use of technologies and practices for renewable energy systems such as biomass energy technologies, wind energy, solar technologies hydro and others. Energy capacities Promote the development of institutional, planning, scientific and management capacities, in order to encourage policies which targets energy efficiency and environmental protection. Energy diagnosis of energy supply mixes Study current energy supply mixes in order to increase in an economically efficient manner, in developing and developed countries, the use of environmentally sound energy systems and overcome any barriers to their development and use. Evaluation and promotion of cost effective policies Improvement of energy efficiency by promoting cost-effective policies in accordance with national socio-economic development and environmental priorities of a country. Good planning and programme management Build capacity for programme management and energy planning in energy efficiency, as well as for the development, introduction, and promotion of new and renewable sources of energy; Establishment of standards Promote appropriate emission standards or recommendations and energy efficiency at the national level, aimed at the development and use of technologies that minimize undesirable impacts on the environment; Education awareness programs Encourage awareness-raising programs at the local, national and regional levels concerning how energy affects the environment and what can be done to minimise our environmental footprint by wise use of energy. Energy labelling Establish, in cooperation with the private sector, labelling programmes for products to inform consumers of energy consumption and benefits of choosing the most efficient products. In summary Agenda 21 and Local Action 21 as it was introduced in a later stage sets up some main objectives for the energy. The basic and most important objective is to reduce adverse effects on the atmosphere from the energy sector. This can be done by promoting policies or programmes, as appropriate, to increase the contribution of environmentally sound and cost-effective energy systems, such as new and renewable ones, through less polluting and more efficient energy production, transmission, distribution and use. In order to meet this objective it should be understood the need for equity, adequate energy supplies and increasing energy consumption in developing countries. In particular it should be taken into consideration countries that are highly dependent on income generated from the production, processing and export, and/or consumption of fossil fuels and associated energy-intensive products and/or the use of fossil fuels for which countries have serious difficulties in switchi ng to alternatives, but also countries that are highly vulnerable to adverse effects of climate change. In European Union, although there was a significant progress on the implementation of Agenda 21 there are still lots that need to be done. The policies and tools that have been used by the EU are numerous and it is not of the scope of this document to mention, therefore we mention just three key targets that has been set up by EU to be met by 2020, these are: Cut off at least 20% in greenhouse gas emissions from all primary energy sources compared to 1990 levels. 20% of energy consumption should come up by renewable sources and Achieve a 20% energy saving by 2020 in energy consumption through energy efficiency. The above targets could only be achieved if citizens act responsible on how they use energy by recognising that the way they choose to live has a direct impact to the environment.

Globally United Way Analysis SWOT and PEST

Globally United Way Analysis SWOT and PEST Curtin University Marketing for professional practice 300 Client Briefing of United Way BACKGROUND Globally United Way was founded in 1887 in Denver, Colorado in the USA. It is a non-profit organization founded by five people a Denver woman, a priest, two ministers and a rabbi to distinguished the welfare problems and get suitable actions in their city. They assembled to get solutions of problems and connected with welfare societies and make organization to collect funds for local charities and coordinate wellbeing services. United way doing works on providing caring power and create better lifestyle for people. In 1986, United Way WA was established twenty eight years ago by a group of Perth businessmen in Western Australia Inc to growing requirements of society and increasing charitable requests. They developed a 12 months pilot program in July 1988 they begun full operation of United Way. The United Way do struggle for providing better opportunities to improve the lives of societies by fulfill their basic needs so they mainly concentrate on three fields EDUCATION, HEALTH and INCOME because these three fields play an important role in society. Quality education helps the youth to achieve good knowledge and skills so students will get suitable jobs and enough income for fulfill the basic needs of their families. United Way WA also created so many activities in Health sector, they works to improve health services by caring to individuals and organizations(A 50-Year History of United Way and Toronto-the-Giving; the Citys Needs and Generosity Have Both Grown over the Decades 2007). MILESTONE ACCOMPLISHMENTS Community Engagement United way WA has more focus on corporate social responsibilities towards the society so they involved in communities to find and understand the problems of community and take appropriate steps to solve these problems and provide help to community. Customer relations Management United Way create relationships with their customers and they always concern about the demands of their customers then they fulfill the needs of people and helping families and individuals become financially stable and independent. Unique position for philanthropy United Way wants to involve in particular social activities of Western Australia. In this way they do works to improve health and welfare services to give better lives of society. They make better lives with solving social problems and advance the career of people of society and individual(Anonymous 2011). MAJOR SPONSERS OF United Way WA Corporate Donations Corporate Partner organizations make important annual lump sum donations. Workplace Giving an licensed Australian Tax Office program where employees make a donations from their pay and receive an immediate tax deduction. Corporate volunteering a program where teams of employees from our corporate partners volunteer for a specific project at a local community organization such as painting, gardening or mentoring. Other ways to collect money for United Way: They are store some other events such as casual dress Fridays, Football competitions, Easter food hampers and adopting and funding special projects in the workplace. These Sponsorship Agreements provide funding to projects from origin to end. United Way has the reputation, resources and relationships on a worldwide scale so it is not simple to handle such a largest privately funded non -profit organization because of this the partners and sponsors of United Way contribute their ideas, skills and volunteering power more than money in the projects(Smith 2005). VOLUNTEERING WITH UNITED WAY WA United Way WA enhance their activities in education, income and health for individuals and society but they do not handle these three areas alone so they have 2.6 million volunteers and 9.6 million donors for creating and improving the lives of communities. They bring changes to make societies better. Corporate connect (Team volunteering) In the team volunteering they make small groups up to twenty people to handle the projects from origin to end they collect the information about the needs of societies then they safely improving and fulfill the basic needs of societies. Education volunteering They provide education to children of communities and children have the opportunity to reach their potential with quality education. It is improving the literacy rate and volunteer opportunity. They works in groups who are agree to spend one hour, one day or one year during school. They enroll in those activities who supporting to the children in reading, coaching, and create a differences and make strong decisions in their lives. Skilled volunteering They put their good efforts, knowledge, talent and skills to improve the communities and increasing the capacity of people for better results. WORKS OF UNITED WAY WA Give Volunteer Advocate Give -This means donate something to open your heart in United Way WA. By providing some part of earning to fulfill the needs of common people and make a wellbeing community. There are easy ways to give some money to organization, people can directly transfer money from their earning to United Way it will be tax free and they will be give regular updating of money where and when it is used. Volunteer United Way WA provide volunteering to people because anyone put their skills and knowledge to improve the lives of community. They have a opportunity works in groups, who spend their time to help and improve the communities. Advocate United Way has lots of programs for improving the community through their supporters skills, knowledge, talent and experience and they provide better lives to society(Jean C 1986). ORGANISATIONAL OVERVIEW In Western Australia United Way existence some twenty eight years ago, concerned about needs of society and increased charitable requests, In west Australia it is established in 1986 by a group of Perth businessman they develop a 12 months pilot program then begun full operations of United Way in July 1988 and to supply more than $16 million everywhere in Western Australia. United Way performs at a National level They have large networks toward Australia with offices in Sydney, Melbourne, Queensland, Ballarat, Glenelg, Central Coast, Perth and South Australia. They hold over 3400 volunteer who invest $6million in the community project in the country for improving the lives of 18,000 Australians. United Way perform at a International level This organization established 125 years ago in Denver, Colorado in the USA by five people a Denver woman, a Priest, two ministers and a rabbi to identify the welfare problems and take cooperation actions to solve these problems in their city. They got together plan the first united campaign for ten health and welfare agencies and make organization to get funds for local charities for coordinating wellbeing services. Denver created a movement by increased $21,700 and spread over the country to become a United Way in that year. United Way concentrated on to assemble the caring powers of societies and create a difference in lives of people. Nowadays United Way spread in forty-one countries and territories, they increase $5 billion in a year for local communities nearly by 1800 communties. MISSION To enhance the lives of societies in Western Australia they take care of all aspects of life by mobilizing and take good steps to provide better lives of societies. Energize and inspire people to make a difference; Provide meaningful opportunities to individuals to realize their potential; Increase investments in our community by expanding and diversifying our own resource and fundraising efforts and supporting those of others; Ensure our investments have recognizable impact; Strengthen the United Way movement and Brand at the local and national levels. VALUES OF UNITED WAY Demonstrate trust, integrity, transparency, inclusivity and respect; Measure, communicate and learn from the impacts of our efforts; Endorse innovation, partnerships and collective action; Encourage and promote volunteerism and volunteer leadership; and Embrace diversity(Gracie Bonds 2008). CHALLENGES FACES BY NON- PROFIT ORGANIASTIONS These all are major issues faces by non-profit organization in 2012.They have lots of difficulties with business structure. First of all, Economic Unrest- After the 2008 people are not willing to donate money in the non-profit organization in this way they lose their funds but the needs of services raised, it is big issue resource problem in economy. Leadership Succession- Non-profit organization has intelligent leaders for participating in the growth of sector annually, but some of the leaders find a difficulty to make a plan for strategy of business to improve the welfare programs because of this they do not get success in their plans. Change Management- Most of the non-profit organizations face this big challenge in their business, because they change their structure of business such as selecting members of board, using volunteers, remain with their resources. CHALLENGES FACES BY UNITED WAY WA Losing Donor: It is an important part of United Ways programs so they are not concentrate on their business structure in this way they lose their donors day by day. Strategic philanthropy: Most of the Companies moving to strategic philanthropy approach. Overreliance on Old economy business: United Way mostly dependent on old economies business in this way they do not follow advance techniques to handle their business. Large trust gap: In this business has a large trust gaps toward age groups in this way they faces some challenges in their business because they have different age groups of employees and they do not pay well attention on their works. Low public trust: They have low public trust compared to other large non-profit organizations it is one of the important reasons go their business down. (Beatty 2007). SWOT SWOT is known for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats in the organizations SWOT of United Way WA Strengths Strengths always give ability to achieve the organizations mission. It can be perceptible and imperceptible. Funding is strength of United Way. It is a Public Ancillary Fund include DGR Item 2 Status. These funds are links between donors and organizations, who can receive tax deductible donations as deductible gift recipients (DGRs). Ancillary funds are two types-private ancillary funds and public ancillary funds. Weaknesses- Weaknesses are the properties that prevent the organizations from their achievements of mission and full potential. Weaknesses are presents in United Way like 20% of children are not preparing to go school in their early year, other weakness is Homeless Coalition means there are lack of permanent place of residence in the organization. Opportunities Opportunities are defined by the environment and works of organization. United Way have so many opportunities such as grant, exemptions and tax deductions, these all collect by donors and government. Threats Threats are difficult condition of united way because this will affect the economy of business such as funds, donations and charities. It happens when external environment conditions threat the profit of organization. PESTLE ANALYSIS Pestle analysis gives the information of whole situation of business .It includes political, social, economic, technical, and legal and environment factors. Political factor This factor effect the economy of non-profit organization because its find out that areas which effected by government such as new tax and duty which change the whole revenue structure of organization, these includes tax policies, fiscal policy, trade tariffs. Economic factor This factor identify the economic performance of non-profit organization, this includes inflation rate, interest rate, foreign exchange rates, demand and supply and economic growth. United way concentrate on their strategy of business they work with their economic factor for providing opportunities to community. Social factor This factor identify the social conditions of the market like cultural trends, demographics and population. United way works with the different communities to fulfill their needs. Technological factor In this factor non-profit organization influence by inventions of technology. United way follows the innovative techniques to enhance their skills and experience in the business. Legal factor-This factor affect the business from both external and internal sides, it affect the certain policies and certain laws. In this way United Way WA concern about these laws- consumer laws, labor laws and safety standards because they take- care the whole business. Environmental factor-All the organizations affect by their surrounding environment. United way uses their resources carefully to fulfill the basic needs of people of society and also they think about location of business in the suitable areas which prevent the environment clean(Pestle Analysis Vital for Strategic Decision Making [Column] 2015) . CONCLUSION United Way works very well in the society it is a non- profit organization so they fulfill the needs of society with donations, funds and charities. References A 50-Year History of United Way and Toronto-the-Giving; the Citys Needs and Generosity Have Both Grown over the Decades. 2007. Toronto Star, 09/13/ 2007 Sep 13. P4 http://search.proquest.com/docview/439287051?accountid=10382 Anonymous. 2011. Historic Achievement of $113.2-Million Completes Week of Milestones for United Way. Canada NewsWire, 01/20/ 2011 Jan 20. http://search.proquest.com/docview/845679535?accountid=10382 Beatty, Sally. 2007. Philanthropy (a Special Report); a New Way: The Chief Executive of United Way Talks About the Challenges Facing the Organization. Wall Street Journal, 12/10/ 2007 Dec 10. http://search.proquest.com/docview/399041103?accountid=10382 Gracie Bonds, Staples. 2008. Faith Values: Were with You Is United Way Theme. The Atlanta Journal Constitution, 09/13/ 2008 Sep 13. http://search.proquest.com/docview/337508494?accountid=10382 Jean C, Hill. 1986. Interfaith Council Part of United Ways History. Richmond Times Dispatch, 11/05/ 1986 Nov 05. A-14 http://search.proquest.com/docview/420068701?accountid=10382 Pestle Analysis Vital for Strategic Decision Making [Column]. 2015. AllAfrica.com, 12/31/ 2015 Dec 31. http://search.proquest.com/docview/1752565050?accountid=10382 Smith, Dennis. 2005. Macisaac New United Way Chair; Part of Charitable Organizations Plan for Stronger Burlington Presence. The Post, 05/15/ 2005 May 15. 01 http://search.proquest.com/docview/362708200?accountid=10382

Angelas Ashes :: essays research papers

Angela’s Ashes, by Frank McCourt is a genuine memoir that vividly tells the story of a young, Irish Catholic boy during the 1930’s and early 1940’s. Frank’s memory of his impoverished childhood is difficult to accept, however, he injects a sense of devilish humor into his biography. He creates a story where the readers watch him grow beyond all odds and live through the pinnacle of the miserable Irish Catholic childhood. â€Å"People everywhere brag and whimper about the woes of their early years, but nothing can compare with the Irish version: the poverty, the shiftless loquacious alcoholic father; the pious defeated mother moaning by the fire; pompous priests; bullying schoolmasters; the English and the terrible things they did to us for eight hundred long years†(McCourt 11). His interaction with his family proves that despite the hunger and pain, love and strength come out of misery. Although the book tells the experience of an individual, the st ory itself is universal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Born in Brooklyn in 1930 to recent Irish immigrants Malachy and Angela McCourt, Frank grew up in Limerick after his parents returned to Ireland because of poor prospects in America. Due to the Great Depression, Malachy could not find work in America. However, things did not get any better back in Ireland for Malachy. A chronically unemployed and nearly unemployable alcoholic, he appears to be the model on which many of our more insulting cliches about drunken Irish manhood are based. Week after week, Angela would be home expecting her husband to come home with money to eat, but Malachy always spent his wages on pints at local pubs. Frank’s father would come home late at night and make his sons get out of bed and sing patriotic songs about Ireland by Roddy McCorley and Kevin Barry, who were hung for their country. Frank loved his father and got an empty feeling in his heart when he knew his father was out of work again. Frank described his father as the Holy Trinity because there is three people in him, â€Å"The one in the morning with the paper, the one at night with the stories and prayers, and then the one who does the bad thing and comes home with the smell of whiskey and wants us to die for Ireland† (McCourt 210). Even when there was a war going on and English agents were recruiting Irishmen to work in their munitions factories, Malachy could not keep a job when he traveled to England. Angelas Ashes :: essays research papers Angela’s Ashes, by Frank McCourt is a genuine memoir that vividly tells the story of a young, Irish Catholic boy during the 1930’s and early 1940’s. Frank’s memory of his impoverished childhood is difficult to accept, however, he injects a sense of devilish humor into his biography. He creates a story where the readers watch him grow beyond all odds and live through the pinnacle of the miserable Irish Catholic childhood. â€Å"People everywhere brag and whimper about the woes of their early years, but nothing can compare with the Irish version: the poverty, the shiftless loquacious alcoholic father; the pious defeated mother moaning by the fire; pompous priests; bullying schoolmasters; the English and the terrible things they did to us for eight hundred long years†(McCourt 11). His interaction with his family proves that despite the hunger and pain, love and strength come out of misery. Although the book tells the experience of an individual, the st ory itself is universal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Born in Brooklyn in 1930 to recent Irish immigrants Malachy and Angela McCourt, Frank grew up in Limerick after his parents returned to Ireland because of poor prospects in America. Due to the Great Depression, Malachy could not find work in America. However, things did not get any better back in Ireland for Malachy. A chronically unemployed and nearly unemployable alcoholic, he appears to be the model on which many of our more insulting cliches about drunken Irish manhood are based. Week after week, Angela would be home expecting her husband to come home with money to eat, but Malachy always spent his wages on pints at local pubs. Frank’s father would come home late at night and make his sons get out of bed and sing patriotic songs about Ireland by Roddy McCorley and Kevin Barry, who were hung for their country. Frank loved his father and got an empty feeling in his heart when he knew his father was out of work again. Frank described his father as the Holy Trinity because there is three people in him, â€Å"The one in the morning with the paper, the one at night with the stories and prayers, and then the one who does the bad thing and comes home with the smell of whiskey and wants us to die for Ireland† (McCourt 210). Even when there was a war going on and English agents were recruiting Irishmen to work in their munitions factories, Malachy could not keep a job when he traveled to England.